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Adaptive Introgression of Anticoagulant Rodent Poison Resistance by Hybridization between Old World Mice
Polymorphisms in the vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase subcomponent 1 (vkorc1) of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) can cause resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides such as warfarin [1,2,3]. Here we show that resistant house mice can also originate from selection on vkorc1 polymorphisms acquired from the Algerian mouse (M. spretus) through introgressive hybridization. We report on a polymorphic introgressed genomic region in European M. m. domesticus that stems from M. spretus, spans >10 Mb on chromosome 7, and includes the molecular target of anticoagulants vkorc1 [1,2,3,4]. We show that in the laboratory, the homozygous complete vkorc1 allele of M. spretus confers resistance when introgressed into M. m. domesticus. Consistent with selection on the introgressed allele after the introduction of rodenticides in the 1950s, we found signatures of selection in patterns of variation in M. m. domesticus. Furthermore, we detected adaptive protein evolution of vkorc1 in M. spretus (Ka/Ks = 1.54–1.93) resulting in radical amino acid substitutions that apparently cause anticoagulant tolerance in M. spretus as a pleiotropic effect. Thus, positive selection produced an adaptive, divergent, and pleiotropic vkorc1 allele in the donor species, M. spretus, which crossed a species barrier and produced an adaptive polymorphic trait in the recipient species, M. m. domesticus.
老鼠进化出能抵抗灭鼠药的基因
《当代生物学》(Current Biology):美国莱斯大学科学家最近发现,一种普通的欧洲家鼠在基因变异后能抵抗杀鼠灵(warfarin)。研究人员表示,在利用杂交进化出新性状方面,动物可能也像微生物、植物一样变化多端。
这种基因是vkorc1,与维生素K有关,广泛存在于所有哺乳动物中。杀鼠灵是一种抗凝血剂,人类可用它来稀释血液,但对啮齿类动物来说却是毒药。vkorc1突变让老鼠具有了抵抗杀鼠灵的能力。
莱斯大学生态与进化生物学副教授迈克尔·柯恩解释说,老鼠进化出抗药性可以通过两种不同的途径:一种是基因点突变,在DNA复制过程中基因自发变异而被改写;另一种是水平基因转移,这种方式常见于微生物,在哺乳动物中很少见。我们研究了基因变异的全部细节,发现这种抗药性好像是直接从阿尔及利亚鼠传给了欧洲鼠。
阿尔及利亚鼠是一种居住在沙漠以植物种子为食的老鼠,它们进化出这种突变可能是为了对抗饮食中的维生素K缺乏。第一只抗药性家鼠是在德国一家面包房地下室发现的,灭鼠专家称用溴敌鼠(毒性更强的杀鼠灵)无法杀死这些老鼠。柯恩对这些老鼠进行了基因测序,发现其中vkorc1发生了变异。
研究人员推测,阿尔及利亚鼠将抗药基因传给了西班牙或南非沙漠家鼠,这两个地方有物种重叠。由于上世纪50年代突然使用杀鼠灵,引发了这种杂交以适应环境。
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