资产阶级发展的每一步都与这个阶级在政治上所取得的进步密不可分。一个处于封建贵族统治压迫下的阶级,一个全副武装、实行自治的中世纪公社的联盟:这里指的是独立的城市共和国(正如意大利和德国建立的社区一样);是由处于封建君主统治下强制纳税的“平民阶级”所组成的(正如法国的情况)……
Each step in thedevelopment of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding politicaladvance in that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudalnobility, an armed and self-governing association of medieval commune: hereindependent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany); there taxable “third estate” of themonarchy (as in France)…