Purchase or sale of government securities by the Open Market desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, as directed by the Federal Open Market Committee.
By buying and selling securities, mostly short-term Treasury obligations, i.e., Treasury bills, the Federal Reserve is able to: (1) meet the public demand for cash by adjusting bank reserves upward or downward, as needed, and (2) influence bank interest rates, including rates such as the Federal Funds (Fed Funds) rate that banks charge for short-term sale of Excess Reserves . Because reserve accounts at Federal Reserve Banks don't earn interest, banks try to hold reserves to a minimum or to the level of required reserves.
When the manager of the Fed's Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York makes the decision to buy securities, the Fed writes a check on itself to the bank, or other institutional investor holding the securities, and deposits a check in a commercial bank. If the Fed buys $1 billion in Treasury bills, bank reserves are increased by that amount. Selling $1 billion in T-bills has the opposite effect, shrinking the reserves in the banking system, which tends to drive up the cost of credit, and interest rates. Because commercial bank reserve accounts don't earn any interest, banks try to hold their reserves at a minimum. When the Fed is worried that the inflation rate is rising, it pursues a tight money policy by selling securities. What results is higher interest rates, because the banks pass the added cost along to the borrowers.
The Fed also adds reserves to the banking system to meet the public's seasonal demand for cash. This demand for cash varies seasonally; it is highest in December, and lowest in late summer.
For these reasons, open market operations are the most flexible monetary tool the Fed has available in implementing its monetary policy objectives. Because commercial banks have about three-fourths of the nation's checking account deposits, the Fed, by managing the level of reserves in the banking system, is able to influence the nation's supply of money (the money supply or money stock), and the cost of credit. Both the Fed Funds rate, which is the market rate banks pay one another for nonborrowed reserves, and the bank prime rate are influenced to a large degree by the Fed's actions in open market operations.
Other tools of monetary policy are the Discount Rate and Reserve Requirements
比如这个2000亿,FED是通过财政部的upplementary Financing Program 进行,八次规模250亿美元的56天期SFP债券拍卖完成此次增资,总耗时为两个月。这种短期的BILL一般是哪种机构会买呢?
比如FED buy securities,比如Treasury bills,是从几家大的机构买,还是按比例从很多家机构买??
bank reserves只要是啥形式的HLODING?? CASH OR 股票,?
如果FED卖securities,是每家成员必须按比例买??这样的话,bank reserves减少了,贷款的额度就减少了,为何 cost of credit就增加了呢? bank reserves和贷款额度比现在是10%吗? |