源济 发表于 2024-5-7 08:02 PM

文史知识丨施由明:元代的饮茶文化

<h1 class="rich_media_title " id="activity-name" style="margin-bottom: 14px; outline: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.4; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">文史知识丨施由明:元代的饮茶文化</h1><div id="meta_content" class="rich_media_meta_list" style="margin-bottom: 22px; outline: 0px; line-height: 20px; font-size: 0px; hyphens: auto; position: relative; z-index: 1; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span id="copyright_logo" class="wx_tap_link js_wx_tap_highlight rich_media_meta icon_appmsg_tag appmsg_title_tag weui-wa-hotarea" style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; outline: 0px; position: relative; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.67; border-radius: 2px; width: auto; overflow: visible; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap; overflow-wrap: normal; max-width: 70%; letter-spacing: normal; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);">Original</span>&nbsp;<span class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_text" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--weui-FG-2);">施由明</span>&nbsp;<span class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_nickname" id="profileBt" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); position: relative;"><a class="wx_tap_link js_wx_tap_highlight weui-wa-hotarea" id="js_name" style="outline: 0px; color: var(--weui-LINK); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-user-drag: none; cursor: pointer; position: relative;">文史知识</a></span>&nbsp;<span id="meta_content_hide_info" style="outline: 0px;"><span id="publish_time" class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_text" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--weui-FG-2);">2024-05-07 18:39</span>&nbsp;<span id="js_ip_wording_wrp" class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_text" role="option" aria-labelledby="js_a11y_op_ip_wording js_ip_wording" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--weui-FG-2);"><span id="js_a11y_op_ip_wording" aria-hidden="true" style="outline: 0px;"></span><span aria-hidden="true" id="js_ip_wording" style="outline: 0px;">北京</span></span></span></div><div class="rich_media_content js_underline_content autoTypeSetting24psection fix_apple_default_style" id="js_content" style="outline: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-size: var(--articleFontsize); overflow: hidden; text-align: justify; position: relative; z-index: 0; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, &quot;system-ui&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible;"><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">中国茶文化是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。中国茶文化的发展,经历了汉魏两晋的孕育,唐宋的繁荣,元代的承上启下,明清的转型。之所以说元代是中国茶文化承上启下的阶段,以下三个方面可以作些诠释。</span></p><section data-class="_mbEditor" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; width: 677px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; align-items: center; flex-direction: column; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="margin-right: 22px; margin-bottom: -8.1px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 23px; height: 23px; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; align-self: flex-end; z-index: 1; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; background: rgb(76, 181, 255); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="padding: 9px 14px 8px 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(76, 77, 81); transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(166, 77, 121); line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 2px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.578px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一&nbsp;<span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">走向大众化的饮</span><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">茶习尚</span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">唐宋时代中国茶文化最为亮丽之处是宫廷和文人与僧徒把饮茶推向艺术化,如宋徽宗赵佶在《大观茶论》中所说:“缙绅之士,韦布之流,沐浴膏泽,熏陶德化,咸以雅尚相推,从事茗饮。……而天下之士,励志清白,竞为闲暇修索之玩,莫不碎玉锵金,啜英咀华。较箧笥之精,争鉴裁之妙,虽下士于此时,不以蓄茶为羞。可谓盛世之清尚也。”正是王公贵族、文人士大夫与僧人们,在茶中寻求宋徽宗所说“致清导和”“韵高致静”,创造出艺术水平高的茶文化,使得唐宋时代的中国茶文化有着永久的迷人魅力。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">相比于唐宋时代,元代的饮茶文化似乎没有了那种高水平的艺术魅力,不是元代的皇室贵族不饮茶,也不是元代的文人士大夫和僧侣们不爱茶,亦或元代文人士大夫和僧侣们不再在饮茶中追求艺术的享受,而是他们和普通民众一样,更多地把饮茶当作一项平常的事了。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">最为重要的例证,就是元杂剧和散曲中频繁出现“茶饭”一词,或“茶”与“饭”相连的词句,如“吃甚么茶饭”“寻些茶饭吃”“安排些茶饭与你吃”或“闲茶饭”“不茶不饭” ”好茶好饭”“闲茶闲饭”“粗茶淡饭”等,在元代众人们的观念中,饮茶和吃饭都是很平常的一件事,并不是饮茶就得花前月下或风花雪月地追求艺术享受,同时也表明,在元代,饮茶和吃饭一样都是各阶层大众非常重要的一件事,所以,饮茶在元代成为了一种大众化的习尚。从而,“开门七件事,油盐柴米酱醋茶”或“琴棋书画药酒茶”等词句,也就比较多地出现在元杂剧和散曲中。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">“茶饭”与“柴米油盐酱醋茶”一词早在宋代的文献中已经出现,但出现得少,表明宋代的人们还没有普遍地把饮茶当作大众化的行为,不是唐宋时代的普通百姓不饮茶,而是唐宋时代的王公贵族和文人与僧侣们更多地把饮茶看作是一项可以并需要艺术化的行为,即更多地把饮茶看作是一种高雅的行为,即所谓“雅尚”。但在元代人的观念中,茶更多地被当作一种普通的食品,所以,用“某某茶”一词概指饮食或食品,正如元中期忽思慧所撰总结元代宫廷饮食的著作《饮膳正要》中出现的一些“茶饭”,实际上是与茶无关,只是指一类饮食而已。如“回回茶饭”指的是西域各地(包括穆斯林在内)的食品;“畏兀儿茶饭”指的是元代色目人的一支“畏兀儿 ”的食品,其做法是“白面六斤,和按作钱样,羊肉二脚子熟切,羊舌二个熟切,山药一斤,蘑菇半斤,胡萝卜五个,糟姜四两切。右件用好酽肉汤同下炒葱,醋调和”(尚衍斌等注释《饮膳正要》,中央民族大学出版社, 2009,97页);“西天茶饭”指的是印度传入的食品,包括 “八儿不汤”“撒速汤”,其用料和做法也是与茶毫无关系;“河西茶饭”指的是党项族传入的食品,包括“河西米”“河西肺”“河西米汤粥”“河西兀麻食”等,也是指一类食品而已。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">元代饮茶走向大众化的习尚的另一表现是客来敬茶,成为一种普遍的社会习尚。唐宋时代以茶待客也出现在文人的诗中,如唐代陆士修《五言月夜啜茶联句》中有“泛花邀坐客,代饮引情言”诗句,宋代杜耒《寒夜》诗中有“寒夜客来茶当酒,竹炉汤沸水初红”诗句,都表明唐宋时代文人有以茶待客的习尚,但到元代,从元杂剧和散曲可知,客来敬茶则已成为各阶层(特别是普通民众)的待客习尚。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">从元杂剧和散曲所表现的普通民众生活可知,茶坊、茶肆等经营茶的店铺较之宋代更广泛地存在于城市的居民生活中,许多经营茶的店铺中有茶</span><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">艺水平高的“茶博士”,可谓茶艺高手在民间,这都表明元代饮茶习尚已走向</span><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">大众化。</span><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><section data-class="_mbEditor" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; width: 677px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; align-items: center; flex-direction: column; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="margin-right: 22px; margin-bottom: -8.1px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 23px; height: 23px; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; align-self: flex-end; z-index: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; background: rgb(76, 181, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="padding: 9px 14px 8px 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(76, 77, 81); transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(166, 77, 121); line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.578px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">二&nbsp;<span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">趋向简约化的饮茶方式</span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">唐代的饮茶是将茶叶焙干后碾碎,放入沸水中去煎煮,然后分入茶盏、茶碗等盛茶器中饮用,有时在煮茶时加入一些辅料共煎煮,如陆羽《茶经》中所说:“或用葱、姜、枣、橘皮、茱萸、薄荷之等,煮之百沸。”宋代的饮茶主要是将茶蒸过后制成茶饼,碾碎后放入茶器中,在用沸水加入茶末的同时,用茶筅搅动茶末与水,所谓“点茶”,搅成各种花鸟虫鱼等形式,比试谁搅出的形状好看,及茶色是纯白、青白还是黄白,纯白为最好,此所谓“斗茶”,从宋徽宗《大观茶论》可知,点汤击拂是非常讲究技术的过程:</span></p><p style="margin: 16px 16px 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-indent: 2em; font-size: var(--articleFontsize); font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); letter-spacing: 0.578px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">以汤注之,手重筅轻,无粟文蟹眼者,谓之静面点。盖击拂无力,茶不发立,水乳未浃,又复增汤,色泽不尽,英华沦散,茶无立作矣。有随汤击拂,手筅俱重,立文泛泛,谓之一发点。盖用汤已故,指腕不圆,粥面未凝,茶力已尽,云雾虽泛,水脚易生。妙于此者,量茶受汤,调如融胶。环注盏畔,勿使侵茶。势不欲猛,先须搅动茶膏,渐加击拂。手轻筅重,指绕腕旋,上下透彻,如酵糵之起面,疏星皎月,灿然而生,则茶面根本立矣。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">除宋徽宗赵佶的论述外,宋代还有诸多茶家论述点茶的技术。但是,到元代,就没有茶家去论述该如何点茶了,元朝虽短,但也近百年,未见一本茶艺专著。正是因为元代的饮茶趋向了简约化,虽然元代人继承了唐宋时代的末茶饮用传统,但没有了唐宋时代的那种点汤击拂的讲究和精致追求,从赵孟頫《斗茶图》可知,元代的人也斗茶,但从元代的有关涉茶文献可知,元代人即使饮用末茶,但也更多只是煎煮而已,或茶末点汤而饮之,简单易行。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p data-class="mbImgTitle" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">▲&nbsp;元代赵孟頫《斗茶图》</p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">较之茶末煎煮或点汤,更简约的饮用方式是茶芽煎煮饮用,省去了将茶叶碾末的工序。关于元代的饮茶,元代农学家王祯在《农书 ·百谷谱》中说:“茶之用有三:曰茗茶,曰末茶,曰蜡茶。”所谓“茗茶”“末茶”,就是茶芽煎煮及茶叶碾成末煎煮;而醋茶也即是蜡茶,是传承了宋代龙凤团茶的制作法,专用于上贡宫廷,民间并不饮用这种较为复杂制作的饼茶。元代各阶层虽然通行饮用末茶,但同样也很盛行茶芽煎煮,甚至宫廷的王公贵族们都熟悉并使用这种简约的饮茶法,这就是元人忽思慧在《饮膳正要》中记载“清茶”的做法:“先用水滚过,滤净,下茶芽,少时煎成。”同书在记载“井华水”时叙述了这样一则故事:</span></p><p style="margin: 16px 16px 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-indent: 2em; font-size: var(--articleFontsize); font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); letter-spacing: 0.578px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">今内府御用之水,常于邹店取之。缘自至大初武宗幸柳林飞放,请皇太后同往观焉。由是道经邹店,因渴思茶,遂命普兰奚国公金界奴、朵儿只煎造。公亲诣诸井选水,唯一井水,味颇清甘。汲取煎茶以进,上称其茶味特异。内府常进之茶,味色两绝。乃命国公于进所建观音堂,盖亭井上,以栏翼之,刻石纪其事,自后御用之水,日必取焉。所造茶汤,比诸水殊胜,邻左有井,皆不及也。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">普兰奚国公等人所煎之茶可能是茶芽,也可能是茶末,但其饮茶法是比较简约的,只是对味道的讲究,没有什么过多的花样。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">不仅元代的宫廷及普通民众饮茶的方式简约化,喜爱艺术性地玩赏茶艺的文人和禅僧们同样是简约地煮茶。元末文人杨维桢在其小茶文《煮茶梦记》中写道:“命小芸童汲白莲泉,燃槁湘竹,授以凌霄芽,为饮供。”杨维桢作为一个很讲究情调的文人,其饮茶方式也就是如此简约而已。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">元代的简约化的饮茶习尚,对明清时代的瀹茶法的形成起了重要作用,正是元代人趋向简约地饮茶,形成了明清时代更简单地用沸水冲泡,不再煎煮。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用茶芽煎煮,而非茶末或其他形态,并非元人的独创,这是自唐代以来就存在的一种饮茶方式,陆羽《茶经》中写道:“饮有粗茶、散茶、末茶、饼茶者。”其中的散茶就是叶茶。唐代刘禹锡在《西山兰若试茶歌》中写道:“山僧后檐茶数丛,春来映竹抽新茸。宛然为客振衣起,自傍芳丛摘鹰觜。斯须炒成满室香,便酌砌下金沙水。”这是描述茶芽直接煮水饮用。同样,宋代有些茶诗文反映了这种茶芽直接煎煮法,如欧阳修在《双井茶》中写道:“白毛囊以红碧纱,十斤茶养一两芽。长安富贵五侯家,一啜犹须三日夸。”但在唐宋时代,茶芽煎煮的饮茶法,不是较多或较广泛地应用,更多和更主要的是末茶饮用,而到了元代,茶芽煎煮法在各阶层更广泛地应用,从而导致了明代废茶末而直接冲泡茶芽的简约饮茶方式的定型。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p data-class="mbImgTitle" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">▲&nbsp;元代&nbsp;赵原&nbsp;《陆羽烹茶图》<span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-size: var(--articleFontsize); letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><section data-class="_mbEditor" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; width: 677px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; align-items: center; flex-direction: column; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="margin-right: 22px; margin-bottom: -8.1px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 23px; height: 23px; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; align-self: flex-end; z-index: 1; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img __bg_gif" data-imgfileid="511189070" data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/biazlkLqXP0RlggQekZuiaYM8JezPPbF4ibGeMia2mw3kx78sEKxbAxakiaPJdxgW5pmcLH6jibuSTR14UC8uVejRfmg/640?wx_fmt=gif&amp;from=appmsg" data-type="gif" data-w="400" data-original-style="null" data-index="7" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/biazlkLqXP0RlggQekZuiaYM8JezPPbF4ibGeMia2mw3kx78sEKxbAxakiaPJdxgW5pmcLH6jibuSTR14UC8uVejRfmg/640?wx_fmt=gif&amp;from=appmsg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" _width="400px" data-order="3" alt="Image" data-fail="0" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; box-sizing: border-box !important; height: auto !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 23px !important;"></section><section data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; background: rgb(76, 181, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-mid="" style="padding: 9px 14px 8px 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(76, 77, 81); transform: translate(-4.1px, -4.1px); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p data-mid="" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: 16px; font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(166, 77, 121); line-height: 22px; letter-spacing: 2px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.578px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">三&nbsp;<span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">传续怡情舒性的饮茶动因</span></span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">国人饮茶的动因,自古以来主要有二,一是茶有益于健康,所谓“解百毒”和强筋骨;二是怡情舒性,从品茶中得到精神的放松和愉悦。这就是陆羽在《茶经》中所说:“茶之为用,味至寒,为饮,最宜精行俭德之人。若热渴凝闷,脑痛目涩,四肢烦,百节不舒,聊四五啜,与醍醐、甘露抗衡也。”正是饮茶有如此功效,中国国民特别爱茶,中国的文人和僧侣们将饮茶过程推向艺术化,在茶中寻得精神舒放和心灵的慰藉,乃至于精神的寄托,于是就有了唐宋时代众多的文人和一些高僧们写下了许多优美的茶诗,咏叹茶叶的高雅和品茶时的美妙感受,有唐代卢仝的“七碗茶诗”这样颇有夸张意味的感叹,有宋代苏轼“从来佳茗似佳人”这样的赞美。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">元代各阶层的人们传续着在茶中怡情舒性的传统爱好,这是元代茶文化承上启下的主要原因。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">元朝的建立者是蒙古族人,喝酒、吃肉、喝牛羊奶是他们的所好。但忽必烈建立元朝后,在民族间的交流日益深入的过程中,他们也爱上了茶,如上所述,皇室也饮“清茶”,元武宗从饮茶中感到了口味和精神的满足。从《饮膳正要》的记载可知,元代王公贵族们饮茶的品类还颇为多样,有枸杞茶、玉磨茶、金字茶、范殿帅茶、紫笋雀舌茶、女儿须、西番茶、川茶、藤茶、夸茶、燕尾茶、孩儿茶、温桑茶、清茶、炒茶、兰膏、酥签、建汤、香茶,这些茶可主要分为四类:茶叶制成的茶、药茶、酥油茶、奶茶(最初的奶茶),元朝的王公贵族们既把这些茶当食品、饮品,也从饮茶中得到味觉和精神的享受。赤峰市元宝山区沙子山清理出的两座元代墓葬,其墓壁上的茶画,也反映了元代蒙古族人饮茶、爱茶、在茶中寻得口味和精神的满足。同样,从元杂剧和散曲及诗文可知,元代的汉地民众同样爱在茶中怡情和舒放性灵。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">元代的文人,包括受汉文化熏陶过的文人,如同唐宋时代及其后的明清与民国至今的中国文人一样,特别喜爱在茶中寻得精神的享受,如成吉思汗西征时期的大臣耶律楚材,出生于金地的契丹族人,在其诗《西域从王君玉乞茶因其韵七首》之一中写道:“高人惠我岭南茶,烂赏飞花雪没车。玉屑三瓯烹嫩蕊,青旗一叶碾新芽。顿令衰叟诗魂爽,便觉红尘客梦赊。两腋清风生坐榻,幽欢远胜泛流霞。”诗人在品尝朋友赠送的岭南茶后,其感受是如此地美妙。在《月坐弹离骚》中写道:“一曲离骚一碗茶,个中真味更何加。香销烛烬穹庐冷,星斗阑干山月斜。”在幽深的夜中,弹一曲离骚又饮一碗茶,静看阑干的星斗和远空的月亮,个中真味那真是无法言说。文人们就是这样喜爱在茶中寻得那种超尘脱俗的感受。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在元代爱茶的文人中,有一位特别有代表性的人物,这就是元末文人杨维桢,他写过几首茶诗表达他沉湎于茶的感受,而他所写的两篇小茶文《清苦先生传》《鬻茶梦》,将茶叶拟人化,如同苏轼的《叶嘉传》,倾吐了个人的品格、人格、性情和人生情怀追求,“芬馥而爽朗,磊落而疏豁,不媚于世,不阿于俗”,茶叶与品茶在他笔下超尘拔俗!</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">上述两位仅仅只是元代爱茶文人的代表,还有诸多文人如耶律楚材和杨维桢,沉湎于茶而寻得精神享受。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 8px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.578px; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 新宋体, NSimSun; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.034em; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">茶叶陪伴中国国民走过了两千多年,给了中国国民美好味觉与精神的享受,帮助中国国民健康地生活。饮茶形成的中国茶文化,影响了中国,也影响了世界,并对世界文明做出了重要贡献。</span></p><section style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: right; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">——</span><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">本文刊于《文史知识》2024年第5期</span></section></div><p></p>
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查看完整版本: 文史知识丨施由明:元代的饮茶文化