金军仅用两个月便直抵北宋都城，宋军进攻不行，防守也这么弱吗
<h1 class="rich_media_title " id="activity-name" style="margin-bottom: 14px; outline: 0px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.4; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px;">金军仅用两个月便直抵北宋都城，宋军进攻不行，防守也这么弱吗</h1><div id="meta_content" class="rich_media_meta_list" style="margin-bottom: 22px; outline: 0px; line-height: 20px; font-size: 0px; hyphens: auto; position: relative; z-index: 1; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"><span id="copyright_logo" class="wx_tap_link js_wx_tap_highlight rich_media_meta icon_appmsg_tag appmsg_title_tag weui-wa-hotarea" style="margin-right: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; outline: 0px; position: relative; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.67; border-radius: 2px; width: auto; overflow: visible; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap; overflow-wrap: normal; max-width: 70%; letter-spacing: normal; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);">Original</span> <span class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_text" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--weui-FG-2);">王金百</span> <span class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_nickname" id="profileBt" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); position: relative;"><a class="wx_tap_link js_wx_tap_highlight weui-wa-hotarea" id="js_name" style="outline: 0px; color: var(--weui-LINK); -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); -webkit-user-drag: none; cursor: pointer; position: relative;">历史学堂君</a></span> <span id="meta_content_hide_info" style="outline: 0px;"><span id="publish_time" class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_text" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--weui-FG-2);">2024-05-07 10:50</span> <span id="js_ip_wording_wrp" class="rich_media_meta rich_media_meta_text" role="option" aria-labelledby="js_a11y_op_ip_wording js_ip_wording" style="margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 15px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--weui-FG-2);"><span id="js_a11y_op_ip_wording" aria-hidden="true" style="outline: 0px;"></span><span aria-hidden="true" id="js_ip_wording" style="outline: 0px;">广东</span></span></span></div><div class="rich_media_content js_underline_contentdefaultNoSetting
" id="js_content" style="outline: 0px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-size: var(--articleFontsize); overflow: hidden; text-align: justify; position: relative; z-index: 0; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); text-align: start; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">作者</span><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); text-align: start; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">：王金百</span></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(165, 165, 165); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); text-align: start; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">编辑：莉莉丝</span></span></section></section></section></section><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">北宋费尽心机得到了燕云山前七州，但是不到两年宋金两朝就撕破脸皮而大打出手，第一次宋金战争爆发。金军一路势如破竹，仅用两个月有余时间，就兵临北宋国都汴京城下。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">那么，金军能够成“一边倒”之强大优势，难道仅是因为北宋军事孱弱吗？</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">首先开门见山地说明一下，造成北宋王朝如此困局绝对是多方面原因，绝非所谓军事孱弱就可以解释一切。事实上，就此次战争而言，<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">与金军相比，北宋军事上并不弱，至少没有悬殊之差。</strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 北宋版图</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">我们印象中宋朝军事是无能的，谁谁也打不过。当然，事实也是北宋军队确实缺乏开疆拓土的能力，但是要注意的是，<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这只是说明宋军进攻能力有限，但并不代表宋军守土无方啊。</strong>倘若，宋军真的如纸糊的一般，恐怕早被当年如日中天的大辽王朝吞并了，哪还能有“澶渊之盟”。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">也就是说，双方交战，守城一方是占据很大优势的。换句话说，只要众志成城，战略战术上没有重大纰漏，取得胜利还是有很大可能的。可惜的是，这场事关王朝命运的战争，北宋既没有做到万众一心，更是在战略战术上乱得一塌糊涂。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 北宋军队</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-1" style="padding-left: 1.2em; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><li style="margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(253, 234, 218); background-color: rgb(29, 27, 16); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">人心涣散的北宋</span></strong></span></p></li></ul><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">尽管北宋收复“山前七州”付出了巨大的经济代价，但是毕竟为东部防御线争取了了一定的地理优势。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">而且，在收复燕京之前，更有辽国降将郭药师，携涿州和易州以及几万部队的加盟相助，</strong>着实给北宋打了一剂强心剂。在攻打辽国南京燕京城时，在北宋军队集体哑火的情况下，唯有这一支降师发挥着超强的战斗力。这也是郭药师能够被宋徽宗重用，成为之后北宋燕京地区防御主力的原因，而且北宋还给了这支部队起了一个响亮的名字“常胜军”。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">不但如此，就在北宋收复燕京不久，更有叛逃金国的张觉前来投奔。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">张觉投奔北宋不仅有人更是有地，他将自己镇守的平州，以及可以辐射到的营州与滦州都献给了北宋。</strong>这营平滦三州地处渤海湾（今秦皇岛至葫芦岛一带），是最靠东侧的防御门户。更主要的是，这三个州不属于“山前七州”，这就意味着北宋又可以得到最东侧的重要防线。对于北宋来说，这真是上天眷顾的意外收获。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 金朝女真文</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">然而好景不长。依据宋金“海上之盟”，对于辽国、金国叛逃人员以及资产，宋朝有义务将其送回金国，所以金国人开始跟北宋索要张觉性命以及营平滦三州之地。由这一事件可以看出，尽管金国建国时间不久，但是此时<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">金国人对待事关国家命运之事时，绝对是一丝不苟，北宋人根本别想忽悠金国人。</strong>对于金国的这一“合理”要求，北宋显得很为难。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">一方面，交出张觉，不但要失去营平滦三州，更会大失人心；另一方面，不交出张觉，北宋确实违约，这必定会留给金国人撕毁合约的口实。经过与金国谈判以及北宋君臣议定，软弱的北宋朝廷最后还是将张觉处死，同时北宋也失去了营平滦三州的控制权。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">事后证明，张觉的死成为了北宋人心涣散的重要导火索，而且不论是失去人心还是失去营平滦三州，都成为了北宋人日后的梦魇。</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 北宋官员</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">对于张觉事件，第一位有所警惕人员就是郭药师和他的常胜军。这位曾经备受恩宠与信任的辽国降将，虽然依然肯于为北宋出功出力，但是心里总是不放心，生怕哪天北宋会将自己献给金国，成为谈判桌上的筹码。与此同时，北宋也看出郭药师心思，出于防患于未然的考虑，北宋在西线，也就是山西燕山以南，训练了一支由辽国归降汉人组成的军队，名曰“义胜军”。这只军队在担负着西线防御的同时，更有预备抵抗常胜军哗变之意。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">北宋内部军队之间，就在这样的互相猜忌与互相制约之中，彼此互相伤害。</span></strong><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">彼此的不信任，也就是失去了“人和”这个最为关键因素，这才是北宋防御体系最大的隐患。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">此外，还有大敌当前最高指挥者童贯之流的临阵脱逃，这都成为了北宋军队离心离德的关键因素之一。当然，只不过这还是后话。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 完颜阿骨打（1068年8月1日—1123年9月19日），汉名完颜旻</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-1" style="padding-left: 1.2em; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><li style="margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(253, 234, 218); background-color: rgb(29, 27, 16); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">宋金两国决裂</span></strong></span></p></li></ul><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">就在北宋加紧与金国交涉，希望尽快收复西边各州的时候，金国内部发生了一个大变化，金太祖完颜阿骨打驾崩，他的弟弟太宗完颜吴乞买继位。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在对待北宋的态度上，更是发生了转变，由相对温和的鸽派变为强硬的鹰派。</strong>北宋经过几次与金国人交涉，最终还是不能如愿以偿。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">严重的问题还在后面。由于北宋在履行盟约之时，总是屡屡大打折扣，再加之北宋在与金国来往中，更多表露出的是软弱，这让金国对南朝原本的几分忌惮变得荡然无存，金国开始肆无忌惮地压制北宋。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">没过多久，北宋妄图联合辽末帝天祚帝的文书被金国得到，而天祚帝本人也成了金国俘虏。在解决了后顾之忧，以及拿到了北宋背信弃义的实证之后，不仅北宋收复其他燕云各州已成泡影，宋金之间的战争更是一触即发。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">北宋这种“又熊又不老实”的做法，不但有失大国风度，更助长了对手的嚣张气焰。</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 赵佶（1082—1135），即宋徽宗</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">就在金国对北宋发动战争的前夕，无数的信号与情报都证明金国在为战争做着积极准备。反观北宋君臣依然痴信金国不会主动撕毁合约，对于应战并没有做太多准备。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">甚至战争已经打响，宋徽宗本人都还不知道。</strong>这完完全全就是北宋当权派的昏聩无能，致使贻误战机，令北宋陷于完全被动的局面。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">金国对北宋采用的是东西两线进攻。东线主攻燕京河北一带，由二太子斡离不（汉名：完颜宗望）领兵，西线主攻山西，由宰相粘罕（汉名：完颜宗翰）领兵。二者相比而言，斡离不更加年轻，领兵能力在粘罕之下，而且为人相比粘罕也温和一点点。这些都成了北宋不幸中的万幸。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">关于西线战事本文不做赘述，因为西线金军被太原城阻隔而未能南下。只提一点，<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">北宋培养的义胜军，在金军到来之时，第一时间就投靠了金军。</strong></span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 金朝骑兵</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">东线金军起初的作战目标是攻克燕京及其他山前各州。金军利用营平滦三州靠南的地理优势，出兵直击燕京。负责燕京守卫的是郭药师和常胜军。<strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">这郭药师果然是一员猛将，他和他的常胜军让金军十分头疼，金军不得前进半步。</strong>但是由于郭药师这位辽国降将始终不能与北宋腐朽无能的官员将领们“尿不到一壶”，结果是郭药师在前方死战，其他宋将不是轻松被金军击败，就是“坐山观虎斗”。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">而且宋军内部有人要密谋加害郭药师的消息不胫而走（很有可能是金军离间计），心灰意冷的郭药师带领北宋精心打造的常胜军投靠了金军。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">郭药师的临阵倒戈，让北宋好不容易收复的山前七州，迅速地成为金军的囊中之物。北宋的人心不齐，终于给自己挖了一个大坑。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ 金国重骑兵</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-1" style="padding-left: 1.2em; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><li style="margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin-right: 1em; margin-left: 1em; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(253, 234, 218); background-color: rgb(29, 27, 16); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">金军直捣都城汴京</span></strong></span></p></li></ul><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">郭药师的投靠不仅献人献城，更是献策。他将北宋军事的全部状况和盘托出，北宋孱弱的军事力量完全暴露给了金军。在郭药师的指引和奋战下，金军南下速度很快。于是，斡离不有了一个大胆的想法——直捣北宋都城汴京。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">但直捣汴京风险很大，金军面临着两大方面主要困难：</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 孤军深入，后勤补给跟不上；</span></em></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 天堑黄河，如遇宋军守卫极难渡过。</span></em></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">面对这两个困难，郭药师给出的针对性方案是：</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1. 兵贵神速快速南下，途中北宋城池能克之则占，不然则绕行南下；</span></em></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><em style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2. 情报显示宋军此时已经闻风丧胆，溃不成军，黄河对岸很难组织起有效防御体系。</span></em></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">郭药师的方案均被斡离不采纳。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">由此可见，与北宋对待降将充满猜忌与防备不同，金国对待他们不但充分信任，更是委以重任。实际上，整个金宋战争，辽国的降臣降将基本上是金国打击北宋的主要谋划者和主力军。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">上图_ </span></strong><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important;">宋钦宗赵桓（1100年―1156年）</span></strong></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">果不其然，当金军抵达黄河北岸之时，南岸北宋守军望风而逃。金军就利用宋军没有来得及销毁的小船，用了五天之久，从容地渡过了天堑黄河。过河后，斡离不嘲笑南朝果然无人。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">黄河失守意味着汴京已经暴露在金军铁骑之下。</span></strong><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">此时北宋朝野上下一片混乱，宋徽宗更是将皇位传给了太子赵桓，自己脚底抹油开溜。赵桓在“一哭二闹三上吊”之中，登基上位，也就是宋钦宗。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">就在汴京城被金国围攻之际，北宋战和之间依旧摇摆不定，最后在无尽地自我消耗中，北宋皇帝选择了屈服。斡离不在搜刮了北宋大笔钱财之后，扬长而去。事实证明，年轻的宋钦宗真不是救国救民的材料。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">北宋在风雨飘摇之中，终于得到了所剩无几的片刻安宁。</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important;">参考资料：</span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">【1】《三朝北盟会编》 宋-徐梦莘/著</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">【2】《续资治通鉴长编补拾》 宋-李焘/著</span></p><p style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">【3】《汴京之围》 郭建龙/著 天地出版社</span></p><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: var(--articleFontsize); letter-spacing: 0.034em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></section><section style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-family: 黑体, SimHei; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important;">文字由历史大学堂团队创作，配图源于网络版权归原作者所有</span></section></div><p></p>
页:
[1]